BPHY102/202

BPHY102/202 - APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE STREAM

MODULE 1: LASER AND OPTICAL FIBERS (8 Hours)

Part A: LASER

Topics:

1. Characteristic Properties of LASER Beam

   • Monochromaticity
   • Coherence
   • Directionality
   • High intensity

2. Interaction of Radiation with Matter

   • Absorption
   • Spontaneous emission
   • Stimulated emission

3. Einstein's A and B Coefficients

   • Expression for Energy Density (Derivation)

4. Laser Action

   • Population Inversion
   • Metastable State
   • Requisites of a laser system

5. Semiconductor Diode Laser

   • Construction
   • Working principle

6. Applications

   • Bar code scanner
   • Laser Printer
   • Laser Cooling (Qualitative)

7. Numerical Problems

Part B: Optical Fiber

Topics:

1. Principle and Structure

   • Core, Cladding, Protective jacket

2. Propagation of Light

   • Total Internal Reflection

3. Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture (NA)

   • Derivation of Expression for NA

4. Modes of Propagation

   • Single mode
   • Multimode

5. RI Profile

   • Step index
   • Graded index

6. Classification of Optical Fibers

   • Based on modes
   • Based on RI profile

7. Attenuation and Fiber Losses

8. Applications

   • Fiber Optic networking
   • Fiber Optic Communication

9. Numerical Problems

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MODULE 2: QUANTUM MECHANICS (8 Hours)

Topics:

1. de Broglie Hypothesis and Matter Waves

   • de Broglie wavelength
   • Derivation of expression by analogy

2. Wave Velocities

   • Phase Velocity
   • Group Velocity

3. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

   • Statement
   • Application: Non-existence of electron inside nucleus (Non-Relativistic)

4. Principle of Complementarity

5. Wave Function

   • Time independent Schrödinger wave equation (Derivation)
   • Physical Significance of wave function
   • Born Interpretation

6. Expectation Value

7. Eigen Functions and Eigen Values

8. Particle in One Dimensional Infinite Potential Well

   • Quantization of Energy States
   • Waveforms
   • Probabilities

9. Numerical Problems

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MODULE 3: QUANTUM COMPUTING (8 Hours)

Part A: Principles of Quantum Information & Quantum Computing

Topics:

1. Introduction to Quantum Computing

   • Moore's law & its end
   • Differences between Classical & Quantum computing

2. Concept of Qubit and Properties

3. Representation

   • Qubit by Bloch sphere
   • Single qubit
   • Two qubits
   • Extension to N qubits

Part B: Dirac Representation and Matrix Operations

Topics:

1. Matrix Representation

   • 0 and 1 States
   • Identity Operator I
   • Applying I to |0⟩ and |1⟩ states

2. Pauli Matrices

   • Operations on |0⟩ and |1⟩ states

3. Matrix Operations

   • Conjugate of a matrix
   • Transpose of a matrix
   • Unitary matrix U

4. Matrix Multiplication

   • Row and Column Matrices
   • Inner Product

5. Quantum Concepts

   • Probability
   • Quantum Superposition
   • Normalization rule
   • Orthogonality
   • Orthonormality

6. Numerical Problems

Part C: Quantum Gates

Single Qubit Gates:

1. Quantum Not Gate
2. Pauli – X, Y and Z Gates
3. Hadamard Gate
4. Phase Gate (S Gate)
5. T Gate

Multiple Qubit Gates:

1. Controlled gate
2. CNOT Gate (4 different input states)
3. Swap gate
4. Controlled-Z gate
5. Toffoli gate

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MODULE 4: ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (8 Hours)

Part A: Electrical Conductivity in Metals

Topics:

1. Resistivity and Mobility

2. Concept of Phonon

3. Matheissen's Rule

4. Failures of Classical Free Electron Theory

5. Quantum Free Electron Theory

   • Assumptions
   • Fermi Energy
   • Density of States
   • Fermi Factor
   • Variation with Temperature and Energy

6. Numerical Problems

Part B: Superconductivity

Topics:

1. Introduction to Super Conductors

2. Temperature Dependence of Resistivity

3. Meissner's Effect

4. Critical Field

   • Temperature dependence

5. Types of Super Conductors

   • Type I
   • Type II

6. BCS Theory (Qualitative)

7. Quantum Tunnelling

8. High Temperature Superconductivity

9. Josephson Junctions (Qualitative)

10. DC and RF SQUIDs (Qualitative)

11. Applications in Quantum Computing

    • Charge qubits
    • Phase qubits
    • Flux qubits

12. Numerical Problems

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MODULE 5: APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS IN COMPUTING (8 Hours)

Part A: Physics of Animation

Topics:

1. Taxonomy of Physics-Based Animation Methods

2. Animation Fundamentals

   • Frames
   • Frames per Second (FPS)
   • Size and Scale
   • Weight and Strength

3. Motion and Timing

   • Constant Force and Acceleration
   • The Odd rule
   • Odd-rule Scenarios
   • Motion Graphs

4. Character Animation

   • Jumping:
     • Parts of Jump
     • Jump Magnification
     • Stop Time
   • Walking:
     • Strides and Steps
     • Walk Timing

5. Numerical Problems

Part B: Statistical Physics for Computing

Topics:

1. Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics

2. Poisson Distribution

   • Modeling probability of proton decay

3. Normal Distributions

   • Bell Curves
   • Properties

4. Monte Carlo Method

   • Determination of Value of π

5. Numerical Problems

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LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS (10 Experiments)

1. Wavelength of LASER using Diffraction Grating
2. Acceptance angle and Numerical Aperture of Optical Fiber
3. Magnetic Flux Density along axis of circular coil
4. Resistivity of semiconductor by Four Probe Method
5. I-V Characteristics of BJT
6. Dielectric constant by Charging-Discharging method
7. Photo-Diode characteristics / Inverse Square Law
8. Frequency response of Series & Parallel LCR circuits
9. Planck's Constant using LEDs
10. Fermi Energy of Copper
11. Black Box circuit elements identification
12. Energy gap of Semiconductor
13. PhET Interactive Simulations
14. Motion using Spreadsheets
15. Statistics using Spreadsheets

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KEY FORMULAS & CONCEPTS:

Module 1:

• NA = √(n₁² - n₂²) = n₁√(2Δ)
• Acceptance angle: sin θ_a = NA
• Energy density: u = (8πhν³/c³)[1/(e^(hν/kT) - 1)]

Module 2:

• de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p = h/mv
• Heisenberg: ΔxΔp ≥ ℏ/2
• Schrödinger: (ℏ²/2m)(d²ψ/dx²) + Vψ = Eψ
• Particle in box: E_n = n²h²/(8mL²)

Module 3:

• |ψ⟩ = α|0⟩ + β|1⟩
• |α|² + |β|² = 1 (Normalization)
• Pauli X = [[0,1],[1,0]]
• Pauli Y = [[0,-i],[i,0]]
• Pauli Z = [[1,0],[0,-1]]
• Hadamard = (1/√2)[[1,1],[1,-1]]

Module 4:

• Fermi energy, Density of states
• Fermi factor: f(E) = 1/(1 + e^((E-E_F)/kT))
• Critical field: H_c(T) = H_c(0)[1 - (T/T_c)²]

Module 5:

• Poisson distribution: P(x) = (λ^x e^(-λ))/x!
• Normal distribution: f(x) = (1/(σ√(2π)))e^(-(x-μ)²/(2σ²))
• Monte Carlo π estimation

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EXAM PATTERN:

CIE: 50 marks (30 theory + 20 lab)
SEE: 50 marks
Duration: 3 hours
Questions: 10 (2 per module)
Answer: 5 questions (1 from each module)

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IMPORTANT DERIVATIONS:

1. ✅ Einstein's Energy Density expression
2. ✅ Numerical Aperture of Optical Fiber
3. ✅ de Broglie wavelength
4. ✅ Time-independent Schrödinger equation
5. ✅ Particle in infinite potential well

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TEXTBOOKS:

1. S.O. Pillai - Solid State Physics (8th Ed.)
2. Gupta & Gour - Engineering Physics
3. M.N. Avadhanulu - Engineering Physics (10th Ed.)
4. Arthur Beiser - Concepts of Modern Physics (6th Ed.)
5. Nielsen & Chuang - Quantum Computation & Information
6. Michele Bousquet - Physics for Animators

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ALL TOPICS COVERED - READY FOR STUDY! ⚡