BPOPS103/203

BPOPS103/203 - PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C

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MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO C (6 Hours)

Topics:

1. Introduction to Computers

   • Input devices
   • Output devices
   • Designing efficient programs

2. Introduction to C

   • History of C
   • Features of C
   • Structure of C program

3. Files Used in C Program

   • Header files
   • Source files

4. Compilers

   • Types of compilers
   • Compiling process
   • Executing C programs

5. Basic Elements

   • Variables
   • Constants
   • Data types

6. Input/Output Statements

   • printf()
   • scanf()
   • getchar()
   • putchar()

Reference: Chapter 1.1-1.9, 2.1-2.2, 8.1-8.6, 9.1-9.14

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MODULE 2: OPERATORS AND CONTROL STATEMENTS (6 Hours)

Topics:

1. Operators in C

   • Arithmetic operators
   • Relational operators
   • Logical operators
   • Assignment operators
   • Increment/Decrement operators
   • Conditional operator
   • Bitwise operators
   • Special operators

2. Type Conversion and Typecasting

   • Implicit conversion
   • Explicit conversion (casting)

3. Decision Control Statements

   • if statement
   • if-else statement
   • Nested if-else
   • else-if ladder
   • switch-case statement

4. Looping Statements

   • for loop
   • while loop
   • do-while loop
   • Nested loops

5. Jump Statements

   • break statement
   • continue statement
   • goto statement

Reference: Chapter 9.15-9.16, 10.1-10.6

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MODULE 3: FUNCTIONS AND ARRAYS (8 Hours)

Part A: Functions

Topics:

1. Introduction to Functions

   • Need for functions
   • Advantages

2. Function Components

   • Function definition
   • Function declaration (prototype)
   • Function call
   • Return statement

3. Parameter Passing

   • Call by value
   • Call by reference

4. Scope of Variables

   • Local variables
   • Global variables

5. Storage Classes

   • auto
   • static
   • extern
   • register

6. Recursive Functions

   • Concept
   • Examples

Part B: Arrays

Topics:

1. One-Dimensional Arrays

   • Declaration
   • Accessing elements
   • Storing values
   • Operations on arrays

2. Passing Arrays to Functions

3. Two-Dimensional Arrays

   • Declaration
   • Operations
   • Passing to functions

4. Multidimensional Arrays

5. Applications of Arrays

   • Searching
   • Sorting

Reference: Chapter 11.1-11.10, 12.1-12.10, 12.12

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MODULE 4: STRINGS AND POINTERS (6 Hours)

Part A: Strings

Topics:

1. Introduction to Strings

   • String taxonomy
   • String declaration

2. Operations on Strings

   • String input/output
   • String length
   • String copy
   • String concatenation
   • String comparison

3. Miscellaneous String Functions

   • strcat()
   • strcpy()
   • strcmp()
   • strlen()
   • strrev()
   • strupr()
   • strlwr()

4. Character Functions

   • toupper()
   • tolower()
   • isalpha()
   • isdigit()

5. Arrays of Strings

   • 2D character arrays

Part B: Pointers

Topics:

1. Introduction to Pointers

   • Concept of pointers
   • Memory addresses

2. Declaring Pointer Variables

   • Syntax
   • Initialization

3. Types of Pointers

   • Null pointer
   • Void pointer
   • Wild pointer
   • Dangling pointer

4. Pointer Operations

   • Dereferencing
   • Pointer arithmetic

5. Passing Arguments Using Pointers

   • Call by reference using pointers

Reference: Chapter 13.1-13.6, 14.1-14.7

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MODULE 5: STRUCTURES, UNIONS, AND FILES (6 Hours)

Part A: Structures and Unions

Topics:

1. Structures

   • Introduction
   • Declaration
   • Accessing members
   • Initialization
   • Array of structures
   • Nested structures

2. Structures and Functions

   • Passing structures to functions
   • Returning structures from functions

3. Unions

   • Definition
   • Declaration
   • Difference between structure and union

4. Unions Inside Structures

5. Enumerated Data Type

   • enum keyword
   • Declaration
   • Usage

Part B: Files

Topics:

1. Introduction to Files

   • Need for files
   • Types of files

2. Using Files in C

   • File pointer
   • Opening a file (fopen)
   • Closing a file (fclose)

3. File Operations

   • Reading from files
     • fgetc()
     • fgets()
     • fscanf()
   • Writing to files
     • fputc()
     • fputs()
     • fprintf()

4. Detecting End of File

   • feof()
   • EOF

Reference: Chapter 15.1-15.10, 16.1-16.5

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PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS (12 Programs)

1. Simple Calculator Simulation
2. Quadratic Equation Roots (with appropriate messages)
3. Electricity Bill Calculation (with different tariff rates)
4. Pattern Printing (Number pyramid)
5. Binary Search on Integers
6. Matrix Multiplication (with validation)
7. Taylor Series - sin(x)/cos(x) approximation
8. Bubble Sort
9. String Operations (compare, concatenate, length)
10. Student Marks Management (using structures)
11. Array Statistics (sum, mean, standard deviation using pointers)
12. File Copy Program (text file to another file)

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KEY CONCEPTS TO MASTER:

Module 1:

• C program structure
• printf() and scanf() syntax
• Format specifiers (%d, %f, %c, %s)

Module 2:

• Operator precedence and associativity
• if-else vs switch-case
• for vs while vs do-while

Module 3:

• Function prototype vs definition
• Storage class differences
• Recursion vs iteration
• Array indexing (0-based)
• 2D array as array of arrays

Module 4:

• String null terminator '\0'
• String library functions
• Pointer declaration: int *ptr;
• Pointer arithmetic
• Pass by reference using pointers

Module 5:

• Structure member access: . operator
• Union memory sharing
• File modes: "r", "w", "a", "r+", "w+", "a+"
• fopen() returns NULL if fails

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EXAM PATTERN:

CIE: 50 marks (30 theory + 20 practical)
SEE Theory: 50 marks (3 hours)
SEE Practical: 50 marks (2 hours)

Theory Exam:

• 10 questions (2 per module)
• Answer 5 questions (1 from each module)
• Each question: 20 marks

Practical Exam:

• Pick 1 program from lot
• Writeup: 20%
• Execution & Result: 60%
• Viva: 20%

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IMPORTANT POINTS:

Must Know Programs:

1. ✅ Calculator (Module 1-2)
2. ✅ Pattern printing (Module 2)
3. ✅ Sorting algorithms (Module 3)
4. ✅ String operations (Module 4)
5. ✅ File operations (Module 5)

Frequently Asked Theory:

• Structure of C program
• Difference: while vs do-while
• Storage classes
• Pointer concepts
• Structure vs Union
• File operations

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TEXTBOOK:

Primary:

• Reema Thareja - Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C (2nd Ed., Oxford, 2017)

Reference:

• E. Balaguruswamy - Programming in ANSI C (7th Ed., TMH)
• Kernighan & Ritchie - The C Programming Language (PHI)

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ALL TOPICS COVERED - READY FOR CODING! 💻